The bulgarians

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The bulgarians

The Bulgarians
and their role in the formation of the Bulgarian State

The most remarkable fact in the history of the Old Bulgarians is that they are the sole early European people who have succeeded in creating not one but three great countries. And each of them was called with its own name- Bulgaria under Kubrat (known as Great Bulgaria), Volga Bulgaria and Asparuh Bulgaria (which is the one that survived to the present day.) But to learn more about the Bulgarians and the states that they have formed we have to return to the past and follow their evolution. Although the History of Bulgaria can not be written in a single essay I'll try to impress on several important points.

Even up to the present day these people have remained an incredible puzzle for the historians. It is their early history that is the most puzzling. When they came into touch with Europe they naturally came to the notice of Greek and Latin authors who began to give information about them.

It is considered that The Ancient Bulgarians were people that had inhabited the steppes between Pamir, Middleasian Mountain, Ural and the territory of present day Kazakhstan. After almost two centuries of research and the endeavors of many scholars the sacred fatherland of the Bulgarianswas discovered to be Pamir. Pamir is the old lands of Balgar and is stilled called Palgar by the local Tadziks. This land so dear to us was situated in the foots of the Pair and the Hindukush, where since ancient times the states of Balgar and Balhara had existed. Bulgarian is a Uralo-Altai language under strong Indo-European influence. According to the "Chinese chronicles" the town Bugur had existed till 87 BC. Then it was demolished to the ground by the Chinese imperial troops, accordingly the time of Bugur's creation and its neighboring town which was referred to by the Chinese as Boluga must be sought far behind in the past around the 2nd or possibly 3rd century BC.

The hierarchy of the Old Bulgarians was elaborate- a leader who was called kansubigi determined the social state of the old Bulgarians and gradually his power became hereditary. The character of the Bulgarian society was centralized on a strong military organization that was of vital importance to its independent existence. The great amount of iron extracted made it possible for them to think up and make the instruments and tools they needed and to maintain a fighting force of 30,000 warriors and horses, clad from head to foot in iron. In battles against all the armies of the time, against those of the barbarian peoples and against those of the civilized Romans this 'iron wall' had the same effect, for instance, as could be achieved today by an army of tanks attacking infantry companies armed only with light rifles. That is why the Bulgarians were practically invincible a miracle should have to happen in order that their army would lose a big battle. That permitted them to save themselves from the ups-and-downs of fortune in this stormy time and to be sought for as allies by all the ambitious persons of the period. Very few people know that the striking power of the armies of Atilla of the Dulo dynasty were, in fact, the Bulgarians. The Bulgarians were unusually tall and strong. When the average height of the Europeans in the Middle Ages was 1.60 metres, the average height of the Bulgarian was 1.75 metres. "Ten of our men cannot overcome one Bulgarian" complained an Arabian geographer of that time.

The religious beliefs of The Old Bulgarians was in the existence of a solitary, extraordinary force. It possessed the ability to haunt all the palpable objects and to pass from one man to another and from one object to other. According to the old Bulgarians the things that were strongest with the force were the blood, the human head, and the sword, the horsetail and so on. For the Bulgarians, the time that separated days and hours also could be filled with supernatural forces. Alongside with that extraordinary force they also exalted one supreme deity- Tangra "The creator of the Earth and Sky". To appease him and receive his support they sacrificed animals, but in special cases they could immolate people. Also the Old Bulgarians used totemism- in a close relation to the totemism was the Ancient Bulgarian Calendar which is recognized by UNESCO as the most accurate so far.

During the tumultuous period of the Great Migration the ancient Bulgarians were pushed out of their lands by Nomad tribes and settled, together with their old civilized neighbors the Masagets, the Saks and others in the valleys of the Caucasus. During the period 377 till 453 the Bulgarians had fallen under the power of the Huns. One of the few written monuments of early Bulgarian history, known to us, is the list of the Names of the Old Bulgarian Rulers. In part I of this Name List we find described the reign of the kansubigi Avitohol, Irnik, Gostun, Kurt (Kubrat), Batbayan*, dated by the Ancient Bulgarian Calendar. Most scholars connect the mythical Avitohol, the father of the second ruler in the Name List Kan Irnik, with kan Atilla of Dulo family, who died in the same year 453, given for Avitohol.

They primarily occupied the old towns of the Caucuses. Soon after that there appears the first state of the Bulgarians in Europe, called by the Armenians "The Bulgarian Land in Caucasus", and by the Byzantine "Old Great Bulgaria." The Syrian chronicler Zaharia the Rhetorician mentions that in their new land the Bulgarians and their old neighbors are among the few people to build up towns. The towns built by the Bulgarians during that period very often bore old Pamir names. In the Eastern Caucasus there was a town called Balk (today's Balhar), named after the ancient town of Balh (the capital of old Balhara), also the town of Anzi, related in its name to the ancient Anzoi, not far from the eastern Balh. This transfer of names from Balhara to Great Bulgaria shows that the two Bulgarian states - the old one in the east and the new one near the Caucasus, are connected by an unseverable umbilical cord. The Kubrat Great Bulgaria included the territory from Dnepar to Kuban and from Donetsk to the Black and Azov seas. It was formed in the beginning of the VII century after he had discarded the Turkic suppressers. The capital had become Fanagoria, built on the Taman Peninsula.

The difference among the Old Bulgarians and the low developed stockbreeding tribes that have flooded East Europe at that time is that the Bulgarians have had a varied and quite developed economy for its time. Through the last decades number of archeological and linguistic materials connected with the economy of the old Bulgarians have been discovered - the evidence shows that our forefathers have had around 20 names for stocks and farm crops, from which 12 were used in the early middle ages.

During the year 635 kanasubigi Kubrat had sent envoys to the Byzantine Empire to sign a peace treaty with Emperor Iraklii and then Kubrat was given the title "Patrician". The peace contract with Byzantine was of vital importance for the Bulgarian Kingdom that was constantly threatened by Hazars' inroads. After Kubrat's death in the middle 60s of the 7th century, Great Bulgaria gradually disintegrated under the blows of the Hazars. His first son- Bayan (Batbayan)* - remains in the lands of Great Bulgaria as a vassal to the Hazars. His second son - Kotarg, together with parts of the Bulgarian people, settled along the middle reaches of the Volga where, some time later, still another state of the ancient Bulgarians was born –Volga Bulgaria, which was also to play an important role in the medieval world. The third son - Asparuh - started west to meet the mightiest empire of that time - Byzantine. Crossing the rivers Dnepr and Dnestr, he finally settled in the Ongul (southern Besarabia), in immediate proximity to Byzantine borders and Kuber settled in the land that is today Macedonia.

The settlement of Asparuh and the foundation of Danube Bulgaria are one of the most significant events in the history of the Balkan Peninsula during the Middle Ages. This event is outstanding by its consequences ethnically, ad by the social-economical and political processes. In a direct closeness with the mighty Byzantine Empire the Bulgarians, the Slavs and the remnants of once great Thracians ethnos succeeded to form and strengthen into one new political power, that was destined to render in certain moments considerable influence over the development of the Middle Ages European Civilization. One of the most important advantages of the Old Bulgarians that helped them in the creation of the Dunavian Bulgaria was their formidable experience from their previous States.



to be continued ...

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