References in popular culture

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References in popular culture

The First Council began achieving a great deal of notoriety in 2003, after it was referred to in Dan Brown's controversial bestselling novel The Da Vinci Code. The novel's claim, via a key conversation between characters Leigh Teabing and Sophie Neveu, was that "until that moment in history, Jesus was viewed by his followers as a mortal prophet... a great and powerful man, but a man nonetheless. A mortal. » His establishment as 'the Son of God' was officially proposed and voted on by the Council of Nicaea." The book went on to state that Jesus' divinity was the result of a vote at the Council, and "a relatively close vote at that." The novel claims that Emperor Constantine convened and influenced this vote in order to help consolidate his own power.

In reality, the novel's claims have little basis in fact and are not accepted by any serious historians, who point out multiple examples indicating that Jesus' divinity was asserted almost immediately after his death by the apostles. Contemporary secular historian Pliny the Younger documented observations of Christians, who "sing responsively a hymn to Christ as to a god". The commonly-accepted view by most historians is that Constantine did convene the Council to help bring about peace and, in order to achieve that political goal, to clarify some diverging views about Jesus (such as whether or not he was "made" or "begotten"), but that there were no "votes" at the Council -- it was more of a discussion, to produce a written "Creed of Nicaea", which was then signed by all but two of the hundreds of participants.

Nevertheless, controversy around the pseudohistorical novel (which claimed to be presenting "facts" about history) has sparked a number of books, television documentaries, and statements by the church, to debate and debunk its various claims.

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Notes
^ Ecumenical, from Koine Greek oikoumenikos, literally meaning worldwide but generally assumed to be limited to the Roman Empire as in Augustus' claim to be ruler of the oikoumene/world; the earliest extant uses of the term for a council are Eusebius' Life of Constantine 3.6[1] around 338 "σύνοδον οἰκουμενικὴν συνεκρότει" (he convoked an Ecumenical council), Athanasius' Ad Afros Epistola Synodica in 369[2], and the Letter in 382 to Pope Damasus I and the Latin bishops from the First Council of Constantinople[3]
^ a b c Richard Kieckhefer (1989). "Papacy". Dictionary of the Middle Ages. ISBN 0684182750
^ a b c d e Carroll, 11
^ a b Carroll, 12
^ Carroll, 10
^ Eusebius of Caesaria. Life of Constantine (Book III) pp. Chapter 9. Retrieved on 2006-05-08.
^ Ad Afros Epistola Synodica 2
^ Theodoret H.E. 1.7
^ H.E. 1.8
^ H.E. 3.31
^ Contra Constantium
^ Chronicon
^ Revue des questions historiques, xxviii. 37
^ Hist. eccl., I., ix. 12; Socrates, Hist. eccl., I., ix. 12
^ Eusebius, Vita Constantine, III., xviii. 19; Theodoret, Hist. eccl., I., x. 3 sqq.
^ De Synodo, v.; Epist. ad Afros, ii.
^ Epiphanius, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis, Books II and III (Sects 47-80), De Fide. Section VI, Verses 1,1 and 1,3. Translated by Frank Williams. EJ Brill, New York, 1994, pp.471-472).
^ Schaff, Philip. History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Post-Nicene. Retrieved on 2006-05-08.
^ Eusebius of Caesaria. Life of Constantine (Book III). Retrieved on 2006-05-08.
^ Jackson, Blomfield. The Ecclesiastical History, Dialogues, and Letters of Theodoret. Retrieved on 2006-05-08.
^ From the Catholic Encyclopedia article on Meletius.
^ Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series II, Vol. XIV, Excursus on the Number of the Nicene Canons. Early Church Fathers. Retrieved on 2006-05-08.
^ Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series II, Vol. XIV, The Canons of the 318 Holy Fathers Assembled in the City of Nice (sic), in Bithynia.. Early Church Fathers. Retrieved on 2006-05-08.
^ For the exact text of the prohibition of kneeling, in Greek and in English translation, see canon 20 of the acts of the council.
^ Leo Donald Davis, S.J., "The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325-787)", 77, ISBN 0814656161

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